Por qué los más ricos seguirían siendo millonarios si perdieran el 99% de su fortuna
Bloomberg Línea — Si de la noche a la mañana, una de las 10 personas más ricas del mundo perdiera el 99% de su fortuna no se quebraría, sino que, al contrario, seguiría dentro del club de los milmillonarios debido al tamaño actual de su riqueza y el nivel de diversificación de la misma, según cifras de la ONG Oxfam.
En el caso de Elon Musk, propietario de Tesla (TSLA) y considerado el hombre más rico del mundo, si perdiera de un día para otro el 99% de su fortuna de US$358.000 millones en la actualidad, mantendría un patrimonio de US$3.580 millones.
En el mismo caso hipotético, Jeff Bezos, fundador de Amazon (AMZN), mantendría una fortuna de US$2.330 millones; Mark Zuckerberg, CEO de Meta (META), de US$2.230 millones; Bernard Arnault, director ejecutivo de LVMH, de US$1.920 millones; y Larry Ellison, cofundador de Oracle (ORCL), de US$1.900 millones.
Se considera que para estar en club de los milmillonarios se requiere un patrimonio neto mayor a los US$1.000 millones, por lo que en todo caso seguirían perteneciendo a este.
Según un reciente informe de Oxfam, “la riqueza conjunta de los diez hombres más ricos del mundo se ha incrementado, en promedio, en casi US$100 millones al día. Son tan ricos que, aunque perdieran el 99% de su riqueza de la noche a la mañana, seguirían siendo milmillonarios.
La académica y doctora en Economía en la Universidad del Rosario, Clara Inés Pardo, explica en Colombia que la acumulación de riqueza de los más ricos del mundo parte de una base que se ha venido consolidando en el tiempo, “por lo que les ha permitido diversificar inversiones y fuentes”.
Esto, añadió, “les permite ser más resilientes y poder tomar decisiones y movimientos rápidos en momento de pérdidas para reducir el impacto y seguir manteniendo su riqueza, así sea reducida y poder seguir generando riqueza”. Por ello, si acumulan un 99% de pérdidas, ese 1% que les queda les sigue permitiendo mantener su riqueza y poderse recuperar por la diversidad y capacidad de resiliencia para recomponer su riqueza, anotó Pardo.
En Latinoamérica, según datos de Oxfam, el 1% más rico ya acumula 216 veces más riqueza que la mitad más pobre, pero aporta menos impuestos.
Consultada por Bloomberg Línea, Oxfam explicó que en el caso de Carlos Slim, fundador del grupo de telecomunicaciones América Móvil (AMX), quien tiene una fortuna de US$82.100 millones en la actualidad, si pierde el 99% de su fortuna le quedarían US$821 millones para gastar.
Entre tanto, si Germán Larrea, presidente ejecutivo de Grupo México (GMEXICOB), pierde el 99% de su fortuna de US$34.600 millones, le quedarían US$346 millones.
Si viven 20 años más luego de haber perdido un 99%, tendrían un neto diario de US$47.397 en el caso de Larrea y de US$112.466 diarios de Slim, ejemplificaron.
“Estos son datos netos sobre sus fortunas, pero sirven para dimensionar la enorme desigualdad, cuando hablamos de que ese 1% más rico concentra 41% de la riqueza total de la región, mientras 200 millones de personas (30% aprox. de la población), vive en situación de pobreza (US$2 según el Banco Mundial). ¿Es aterrador, no?”, comentaron desde Oxfam.
En este marco, Oxfam propone una reforma fiscal tributaria que, por ejemplo, grave esas grandes fortunas entre el 2% y el 5%, lo que consideran “no es una proyección injusta o desproporcionada”.
Creación de nueva riqueza en manos de unos pocos
En México, por ejemplo, el 1% más rico se ha quedado con casi 1 de cada 4 dólares de la nueva riqueza creada en este siglo y el 50% más pobre con 1,5 de cada 100, de acuerdo a datos de Oxfam.
En el caso de Chile, el 1% más rico se ha quedado con casi 1 de cada 4 dólares de la nueva riqueza creada en este siglo en Chile. Según Oxfam, “el 50% más pobre no se ha quedado con prácticamente nada” (1,7 de cada 100).
En Colombia, el 1% más rico de Colombia acaparó 1 de cada 3 dólares de la riqueza creada en ese mismo período, mientras que el 50% más pobre con 1,2 dólares de cada 100.
Y en Perú, el 1% más rico acumuló casi 1 de cada 3 dólares de la riqueza creada entre 2000-2022, en tanto que el 50% más pobre solamente se quedó con 2,5 dólares de cada 100.
De acuerdo al Altrata’s Billionaire Census 2024, Latinoamérica concentra el 4,5% de los multimillonarios en el mundo y el año pasado registró un crecimiento de esta población superior a la media (del 5%), a pesar de “unas condiciones comerciales menos favorables en los principales mercados de riqueza exportadores de materias primas”.
Además, la riqueza acumulada de esta población se disparó en Latinoamérica un 18,2%, hasta los US$581.000 millones, lo que significó “la mayor expansión de todas las regiones”.
Texto de Daniel Salazar Castellanos de Bloomberg Línea disponible aquí.
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